Effect of Novel Watermelon Mouthwash on Oral Micro Flora in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment

Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment undergo various changes in their oral microbiological profile, which are attributed to the accumulation of plaque and calculus around various orthodontic attachments. Plaque and calculus are primarily composed of various salivary mineral particles and bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans. These changes in the oral cavity will result in the formation of white spot lesions around the bracket surface. The aim of this research was to study the antibacterial effect of watermelon mouthwash on Lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans. MethodsThis is an in-vitro study to determine the antibacterial activity of watermelon mouth wash against Lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans. Fresh cut watermelon is used to prepare the watermelon mouth wash. The extract of watermelon is concentrated by boiling and mixed with various additives to prepare the mouthwash. The antibiotic sensitivity is studied using well diffusion methods in culture plates under three different concentrations [50%, 100% and 150%]. After an incubation period of 24 hours, antibiotic sensitivity is studied by measuring the area of inhibition. ResultsArea of inhibition was seen in all three different concentrations against both Lactobacillus [50 % - 20 mm, 100 % - 23 mm and 150 % - 29 mm] and Streptococcus mutans [50 % - 10 mm, 100 % - 15 mm and 150 % - 18 mm]. ConclusionsThe antibacterial effect of the novel watermelon mouthwash showed that there was significant activity of the mouthwash against Lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans. The antibacterial activity was more significant against Lactobacillus than Streptococcus mutans. To support the in vitro results, planned clinical trials will be conducted to study the effect of the watermelon mouth wash against oral microflora in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Correspondencia entre el índice de placa y el recuento de Streptococcus mutans y Lactobacillus sp. en una población infantil: Un estudio transversal / Correspondence between plaque index and Streptococcus mutans and Lactabacillus spp. counts in a child population: A cross-sectional study

Antecedentes: La identificación de microorganismos como Streptococcus mutans(SM) y Lactobacillus sp. (LB) es un predictor del desarrollo de caries, sin embargo los métodos de identificación son de acceso limitado por su alto costo. Objetivo:determinar la correlación entre la biopelícula dental medida por el índice de placa bacteriana de (IPB) Silness y Löe modificado y el recuento de SM y LB en niños colombianos en edad preescolar. Este es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y correlacional. Materiales y métodos: Se tomaron 202 muestras de niños entre los 3 y 4 años de edad de tres jardines Infantiles de Cali, Colombia, pertenecientes al estrato socioeconómico 1 y 2, evaluados en cuatro tiempos (0, 3, 6 y 9 meses). Resultados: Hubo una correlación entre el IPB más alto y el mayor recuento de unidades formadoras de colonia de SMsólo a los 3 meses (p = 0,003*). Los recuentos de LB fueron homogéneos en todos los niños y no presentaron correlación con el IPB. Conclusión: Se observaron resultados mixtos sobre la relación entre IPB y los recuentos de SM presentes en la saliva, por lo cual se requiere un análisis de múltiples factores.

Background:The identification of microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans(SM) and Lactobacillusspp. (LB) is a predictor of the development of caries, however the identification methods are of limited access due to their high cost. Aim:To determine the correlation between the dental biofilm measured by the modified Silness and Löe dental plaque index (DPI)) and the SM and LB count, in preschool children from Colombia. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional and correlational study. We took202 samples from children between 3 and 4 years of age from three kindergartens in Cali, Colombia, belonging to socioeconomic stratum 1 and 2, evaluated at four times (0, 3, 6 and 9 months). Results: We found a correlation between the highest IPB and thehighest count of SM colony forming units only at 3 months (p = 0.003*). LB counts were homogeneous in all children and there was no correlation with IPB. Conclusion: We observed mixed results on the relationship between IPB and the counts of SM present in the saliva, therefore an analysis of multiple factors is required.KEY WORDSDental plaque;Streptococcus mutans;Lactobacillus spp;dental caries.1

Dinâmica química, microbiológica e física da silagem de farelo úmido de glúten de milho / Physical, chemical and microbiological dynamics of wet corn gluten feed silage

Objetivou-se avaliar aspectos físico-químicos e microbiológicos do farelo úmido de glúten de milho (FUGM) em função do tempo de ensilagem. O FUGM foi avaliado em silos experimentais e, nos dias um, três, sete, 14, 21, 28 e 42, foram realizadas as avaliações físicas, químicas e microbiológicas da silagem. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e obtidas equações de regressão em função do tempo. O tempo de ensilagem não afetou (P>0,05) o percentual de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, proteína bruta, matéria mineral, extrativos não-nitrogenados, nutrientes digestíveis totais e contagem de clostrídios. Os teores de matéria seca, extrato etéreo, perdas por efluentes, perdas por gases e população de bactérias láticas variaram entre 46,54 e 49,05%; 0,96 e 1,71%; 17,97 e 35,14g kg-1; 1,90 e 5,68% e 5,0 e 6,9log UFCg-1 de silagem, respectivamente, todos com equações com r2≤0,6.O pH (Y=4,12926-0,00894dias+0,00024126dias2,r2=0,75) e a temperatura (Y=19,82657+0,11734dias-0,00502dias2,r2=0,73) tiveram seus menores e maiores valores, respectivamente, em 18,5 e 11,7 dias. A contagem de bolores e leveduras sofreu redução em função do tempo de ensilagem (Y=6,8983-0,0363dias,r2=0,84). A ensilagem permite eficiente conservação dos aspectos químicos, microbiológicos e físicos do FUGM até 42 dias de ensilagem.

This study aimed to evaluate physicochemical and microbiological aspects of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) according to time of ensilage. The WCGF was evaluated in experimental silos and after one, three, seven, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days, physical, chemical and microbiological evaluation of the silage was carried out. The results were analyzed as a completely randomized design with four replications and regression equations as a function of time. The number of days of ensiling did not affect neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein, mineral matter, non-nitrogenous extract and total digestive nutrients percentages, as well as clostridia count. Dry matter, ether extract, effluents losses and percentages of gas losses and lactic acid bacteria count with variations of 46.54 and 49.05%; 0.96 and 1.71%; 17.97 and 35.14g kg-1; 1.90 and 5.68% and 5.0 and 6.9log CFUg-1 of silage, respectively, all had low coefficient of determination (r2≤0.6).The pH (Y=4.12926-0.00894days+0.00024126days2,r2=0.75) and temperature (19.82657+0.11734days-0.00502days2,r2=0.73) had their minor and major values, respectively, in 18.5 and 11.7 days. Moulds and yeasts count decrease with time of ensilage (Y=6.8983-0.0363days,r2=0.84). The ensiling allows efficient conservation of the chemical, microbiological and physical aspects of WCGF until 42 days of ensilage.

Potencial probiótico de cepas nativas para uso como aditivos en la alimentación avícola / Probiotic potential of native strains, for as feed additives for poultry

Se evaluó in vitro el potencial probiótico de cepas nativas aisladas de las heces de pollos asilvestrados (Gallus gallus) pertenecientes a los géneros Lactobacillus sp, Bacillus sp y levaduras tipo saccharomyces sp; se determinó la actividad probiótica mediante pruebas de resistencia al ácido (pH 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), sales de bilis (0,05, 0,1, 0,15, 0.3 %), tolerancia al NaCl (2, 4, 7, 10 %), actividad antagónica (Salmonella sp, E. coli), determinación del tipo de fermentación, crecimiento a temperaturas (28,37,43°C) y capacidad de crecimiento. Las cepas con mayor tolerancia se identificaron a través de pruebas bioquímicas y fermentación de carbohidratos. Como resultado se observó que tres microorganismos: Saccharomyces sp. (3), Bacillus sp. (7) y Lactobacillus sp. (14) poseen propiedades probióticas.

Was evaluated in vitro the probiotic potential of native strains isolated from feces of wild chickens (Gallus gallus) belonging to the genera Lactobacillus sp., Bacillus sp. and Saccharomyces ; probiotic activity was determined by testing acid resistance (pH 3, 4, 5.6, 7), bile salts (0,05, 0,1, 0,15, 0,3%), tolerance to NaCl (2, 4, 7,10%), antagonistic activity (Salmonella spp, E. coli), production gas (glucose), growth temperatures (28, 37, 43 ° C) and growth capacity. The most tolerant strains were identified by biochemical tests and carbohydrate fermentation. As a result it was found that three microorganisms: Saccharomyces sp. (3), Bacillus sp. (7) and Lactobacillus sp. (14) have probiotic properties.

A preliminary study on the screening of emerging drug resistance among the caries pathogens isolated from carious dentine.

Background: Dental caries being the commonest unmet public health problem indicates its need to urge the dentists to overcome this problem globally. Caries exhibit in different types and is found to be associated with co-aggregation property of microbial flora with other oral hygienic factors. In spite of the surgical removals, excavations and administration of antimicrobials for carious dentine, there seems to be repeated infection and chronic prevalence of caries. A complete understanding of microbial etiology and prevention of emerging drug-resistant strains will aid in the eradication of this chronic dentine problem condition from the oral cavity. Aim: This study is aimed to isolate the predominant bacterial pathogens associated with caries and to screen for the emergence of drug resistance among the isolated caries pathogens. Materials and Methods: Carious dentine specimens were collected from 75 endodontic patients and the samples were processed microbiologically to isolate the caries pathogens. Identification of the strains was done by standard biochemical characterization studies. Statistical analysis of the isolates was done by Pearson Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The predominant isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity test using Kirby Bauer's method. The results were recorded and analyzed for drug resistance. Results: Carious dentine samples yielded a high percentage of Lactobacillus sp., and Candida albicans from different type of caries. Among the study population, dentinal caries was the most predominant type affecting most males with other associated risk factors. Nearly 47.3% of the isolated Lactobacillus sp. and 55.5% of the yeast C. albicans were screened to show resistance against the antimicrobials used for the study. Conclusion: This study concludes by stating that Lactobacillus sp., and C. albicans are mostly involved in the caries etiology and show resistance to the commonest antimicrobial agent. This implicates the need for periodical antimicrobial susceptibility examination of the caries pathogens that will aid to prevent the emergence of resistance property among the dentinal pathogenic organisms.

Changes of raffinose and stachyose in soy milk fermentation by lactic acid bacteria from local fermented foods of Indonesian

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentative characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from local fermented foods and consume raffinose and stachyose during fermentation soymilk. Lactobacillus plantarum pentosus SMN, 01, Lactobacillus casei subsp rhamnosus FNCC, 098, Lactobacillus casei subsp rhamnosus FNCC, 099, Streptococcus thermofilus, 001, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus FNCC, 0045, Lactobacillus plantarum SMN, 25, and Lactobacillus plantarum pentosus FNCC, 235 exhibited variable -galactosidase activity with Lactobacillus plantarum SMN, 25, showing the highest activity in MRS supplemented media. However, all organisms reached the desired therapeutic level (108 cfu/mL) likely due to their ability to metabolize oligosaccharides during fermentation in soymilk at 41 °C. The oligosaccharide metabolism depended on -galactosidase activity. Lactobacillus plantarum SMN, 25, L. plantarum pentosus SMN, 01 and Lactobacillus plantarum pentosus FNCC, 235 reduced raffinose and stachyose by 81.5, 73.0, 67.0 %, and 78.0, 72.5, 66.0 % respectively in soymilk.